End of Slavery in the United States in 1870 Essay

The article explained how slavery, which has been one of the most sensitive issues in America, came to an end in the United States after more than 250 years of human exploitation. Basically, slavery in the country began after colonists from England settled in America in 1607. Back then, the majority of the slaves were of African-American descent or blacks but some were also Native Americans as this racial basis was upheld by the courts during the 18th century (Wikipedia. org). From the 16th to the 19th century, an estimated 12 million black Africans were transferred to both North and South America and 645,000 were shipped to the United States. Although slavery is viewed as an inhuman and immoral act today, it greatly enhanced the productivity of the United States in various sectors. This was a period wherein the agricultural sector such as cotton producers blossomed and greatly contributed to the wealth of America, mainly due to the extensive labor being imposed on the African-American slaves (Wikepedia. org). However, the American Civil War, which was conflict between the Confederate states and the Federal government of the U. S or a battle between a side that favored the expansion of slavery and the side that opposed it, respectively, signaled the end of slavery. The war, which lasted from 1861 to 1865 and was the deadliest in the history of America, effectively ended slavery and led to the Reconstruction era, which saw the reunion of all states and the restoration of peace (Wikipedia. org). Moreover, the passage of Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution in December 1865 made any form of slavery illegal. By 1870, all slaves were freed from their masters and were given due rights (Wikipedia. org) For me, slavery is one of the most inhumane acts a person could do to another human being as it is like treating him or her like some form of property. It is also highly discriminative and denies a person his or her basic rights. Considering the circumstances of the history of slavery in the United States, it was clear that one of the bases for making a person a slave is his or her skin color. Historically, almost all the slaves were non-whites or those who belong to the black race. For example, if a person is of African-American descent the rest of society back then would view him or her as someone inferior and undeserving of the rights afforded to the white race. In my view, this is a highly narrow way of viewing and treating any kind of person as a whole. The basis of judging a person should never be on the color of his or her skin. For that matter, the criteria promoting an employee and accepting an applicant to a university should also never include his or her skin color and race. It is important for society to accept the fact that the world is diverse and should not discriminate against others just because their skin color is different. Doing so would avoid the petty conflicts concerning differences in race and color that are still widespread all across the glob. Moreover, although slavery in the United States was a highly deplorable act, I believe it was an important part of the country’s history as it exposed to the entire world the harsh realities of human exploitation. It basically opened the eyes of people around the world and enabled them to build a better nation while keeping in mind the mistakes of the past. In short, the country’s bad history of slavery allowed the good things to come out. Taking everything into consideration and based on the statements and facts mentioned above, it can then be deduced that slavery, in any form or kind, is an immoral act that degrades the dignity of a person. It is important to keep in mind that the slaves, no matter what their skin color is, are still human beings and should therefore enjoy the rights that other people enjoy. The lesson learned from slavery should also apply to everyday situations of discrimination and racism, among many others. Works Cited â€Å"Slavery in the United States. † 2008. Wikipedia. org. 10 December 2008 .

Modern Management 4_PD

The job description is a list of particular activities or tasks an employee should undertake in an organization under the particular position he/she holds.   It is a sort of a formal statement and is highly specific to an employee in order to avoid creating confusion.   If a job description is clear, the employee can center on his goals within the organization and can succeed.   The organization would also become more efficient.   An individual would have to perform certain tasks or make sure that another person executes those tasks. The job description helps the employees to bring about certain levels in performance and act as a guide to help them achieve their goals.   The manager of the organization delegates the job description so that each and every employee can perform their activities.   The activities should be distributed in such a manner that efficiency and effectiveness of the employee is brought about. The process of allocating the work and doing the job analysis varies from time to time and depends on several factors including the aims and objectives of the organization and the conditions prevailing.   There may be three issues related to responsibility, namely, distributing the job activities, being responsible and clarifying the job activities of the managers.   The process of job analysis involves several processes including:- 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   determining the aims and objectives of the organization 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   determine the jobs to be performed to achieve these objectives 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   accumulating the available job descriptions 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   preparing the job analysis questionnaire (has the job title, summary, duties to be performed, time allocations, relationships with others in the organization, educational qualifications required, etc) 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   any other issues have to be addressed accordingly 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Additional activities in case the data gaps are still present such as interview questionnaire, performance appraisals, organizational surveys, discussions, etc. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A final job description is then prepared 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The employees should be made more responsible for performing their duties The outbreak of the internet has made mangers to focus heavily on this segment and make job descriptions to suit these positions.   The data regarding various organizational functions is specifically analyzed and handled using programs.   One of the main duties of an information analyst is to design and create new programs that can be custom-made to suit the end-user.   The internet is having a major role in modifying the job descriptions as more efficient ways of helping the employees to achieve the objectives of the organization are discovered.   The programmers are concentrating on the internet rather than programming to ensure that their information systems are adjusted to suit current trend. This technology has permitted the employees to interact more closely with the clients.   For an organization to succeed, high connectivity internet along with adequate broadband capabilities is required.   The organizational information should be available to the clients in order to bring about success.   The management could also use the internet to make money (as internet business is a trend nowadays).   It is very important that an organization concentrates on the internet, as it could play a major role in bringing about success of the organization. Organizational chart is the manner in which the work of the company or organization is distributed to bring about efficiency and effectiveness.   The matrix organizations are the modifications of the traditional organizational setup to bring about certain changes that would enable completion of certain activities.   The changing of the organizational chart to suit the specific needs is known as project organizations’. The organization I belong to has 4 divisions, namely, the clinical trials department, the data management department, the biochemical department and the bioengineering department.   Each of these departments would be having two phases, namely, the resources allocation phase and the market phase, along with support to the projects that exist within the organization.   Each project would have a production unit, engineering and research unit, logistics unit, HR unit and the accounts and administration unit.   These units could be further divided into project A, B, C, D, etc. Each of these projects has an in-charge manager.   The work would usually flow or begin from the accounts unit (For allocations of resources), human resource unit, logistics units, engineering and research unit (for development of technology) and finally into the production unit.   Once a particular project is completed, then the organization would get back to the traditional chart in which each of the units are not subdivided as per the projects existing. Having such a structural organizational chart has several benefits and limitations.   The ability to manage the workflow, client satisfaction levels, development time, costs, quality, etc, can easily be controlled.   However, organizational charts can bring about difficulty in operations and conflicts in handling day to day issues.   Sometimes, it may be very difficult to manage such an organization.   The organization should be interested in changing the present traditional organizational setup into a matrix model to suit the changing needs which may be short-term. The organization would be having several departments as each of tense departments would be under a particular manager.   Each of these managers would be having several units and each of these units would be contributing to a particular project.   Each of these projects would be sharing some of the fixed log-term resources with another project. In my organization, all the five units exist, namely the accounts unit, personal unit, logistics unit and the production unit are existent.   Wrigley’s chewing gum brought about lot of changes the structure of the organization, and modifications were observed to all the units.   These departments help to eliminate or add certain activities exercised by the organization.   The flow of work in an organization can be brought about one factor that lies before one of these criteria. The Wrigley’s experience is a situation in which all the five units or levels are present and have to be managed to ensure the proper flow of work.   The extent of success achieved by one product or services various depending on several factors which may be the motivational levels of the staff, incentives provided, proper logistic management, conducting adequate amount of research and finally creating the product or service. References: Cresto, S. C. and Cresto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 3: Organianl aChange and Stress, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 299-322.      

A Chinese Cinderella Autobiographi

No one acknowledges her or shows any heed and sympathy towards her. This relationship is shown in line 28 when she asks ‘Where is everyone? As no one comes to greet her when she arrives home, showing how they are uncaring towards her and do not regard her as family, not even welcoming her arrival or asked if she would like anything. It is almost as if she is a stranger, even to her biological father and siblings who continue to play ‘by the swimming pool’, no one caring about her coming back home. In addition, she is not informed about her family moving home when she asks her Father’s chauffeur in line 23 ‘Where are we? Her questions show her confusion and little knowledge on what has been happening at home pointing out that her family have not even bothered to write to her. Her other siblings and stepmother are ignorant to her arrival as if she is a stranger and worthless. Being sent to boarding school points out even more that they do not want anythi ng to do with her and would rather not see her because to them she is nothing. Adeline knows this herself as when Ma-mien Valentino calls her to tell her that her ‘chauffeur is waiting to take her home’ she thinks that someone has died because the last time she was called home it was only due to this reason and she begins to fear what might have happened. When she arrives the servants use a rude tone and do not care for her as much as they would for her stepsiblings showing the unfairness, even her father using a commanding tone when he meets his daughter after so long not even welcoming her but orders her to ‘Sit down’ instead. Her father does not regard her as his own daughter but uses her to improve his status with her achievements so when her father speaks to her she becomes timid and afraid, not trusting him when he shows her a little kindness, pointing out the distant relationship between Adeline and her family. Adeline’s character is somewhat cautious she doesn’t trust people too quickly, especially when it comes to the kindness from her family members as she is wary that they are playing a trick on her to make her feel miserable like they did all her life. Although she is not treated well by her family, she s clearly educated and this is shown when she wins a competition and quotes a poem to show her happiness. However, she is modest and keeps her happiness and excitement hidden, showing her timid and humble personality when she comes across her father and hiding what she feels even though it proved to be difficult but because she is clever and knows her father too well she did not want to miss the one chance she would have in a life time. She respects her father’s wishes as she would do anything to leave the place where she is unwanted though her strong personality keeps her distress that she suffered for years at bay. A Chinese Cinderella Autobiographi No one acknowledges her or shows any heed and sympathy towards her. This relationship is shown in line 28 when she asks ‘Where is everyone? As no one comes to greet her when she arrives home, showing how they are uncaring towards her and do not regard her as family, not even welcoming her arrival or asked if she would like anything. It is almost as if she is a stranger, even to her biological father and siblings who continue to play ‘by the swimming pool’, no one caring about her coming back home. In addition, she is not informed about her family moving home when she asks her Father’s chauffeur in line 23 ‘Where are we? Her questions show her confusion and little knowledge on what has been happening at home pointing out that her family have not even bothered to write to her. Her other siblings and stepmother are ignorant to her arrival as if she is a stranger and worthless. Being sent to boarding school points out even more that they do not want anythi ng to do with her and would rather not see her because to them she is nothing. Adeline knows this herself as when Ma-mien Valentino calls her to tell her that her ‘chauffeur is waiting to take her home’ she thinks that someone has died because the last time she was called home it was only due to this reason and she begins to fear what might have happened. When she arrives the servants use a rude tone and do not care for her as much as they would for her stepsiblings showing the unfairness, even her father using a commanding tone when he meets his daughter after so long not even welcoming her but orders her to ‘Sit down’ instead. Her father does not regard her as his own daughter but uses her to improve his status with her achievements so when her father speaks to her she becomes timid and afraid, not trusting him when he shows her a little kindness, pointing out the distant relationship between Adeline and her family. Adeline’s character is somewhat cautious she doesn’t trust people too quickly, especially when it comes to the kindness from her family members as she is wary that they are playing a trick on her to make her feel miserable like they did all her life. Although she is not treated well by her family, she s clearly educated and this is shown when she wins a competition and quotes a poem to show her happiness. However, she is modest and keeps her happiness and excitement hidden, showing her timid and humble personality when she comes across her father and hiding what she feels even though it proved to be difficult but because she is clever and knows her father too well she did not want to miss the one chance she would have in a life time. She respects her father’s wishes as she would do anything to leave the place where she is unwanted though her strong personality keeps her distress that she suffered for years at bay.

Journal Article about biology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal Article about biology - Assignment Example Seals are moving from their habitats and migrating to other regions for comfort. Experts conclude that there would be the significant extinction of animal and plant species by the year 2100. Temperatures are rising by 3Â °C, it leads to melting of the ice caps which in turn results in the rise of the sea levels. Polar bears and emperor penguins are facing an extinction if the Arctic and Antarctic continue having a temperature rise (UNEP 3). The waters of the Arctic take longer to form ice again after it melts. The waters of the bays in the arctic take three weeks longer to be stable again than it was thirty years ago. The action affects the polar bears that prefer to hunt for their prey under the Ice Sea. The rising temperatures are having a noticeable impact on birds and butterflies. The butterflies and birds are moving and shifting their ranges by more than 200km northwards. Plants lag behind in their growth because of the rise in temperatures (UNEP 5). Plants and animals are suffering due to climatic changes, and others are risking extinction due to the climatic changes. There is no positive outcome of climatic changes to

AutoIndustry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

AutoIndustry - Essay Example Apart from that there are other renowned companies like Toyota, Mitsubishi, Honda and Suzuki had to close down their factories due to several problems like damage and lack of supply. Many people are optimistic that delivery and shortage of supply of cars from Japan may give a window of opportunity for the domestic manufacturers in the United States market. However this may be hard to achieve because most of the United States car manufacturers are dependent on the Japanese car component manufacturing industries. As a result of the disaster in Japan the global supply chain of the automobile industry have been disrupted. As a result there will be a delay in the delivery of the cars and even the prices of the cars in the US automobile market may rise in the recent years. Japan was a significant exporter of car components, essentially the electrical components to the US automobile companies. Companies like Ford manufacturing hybrid cars used to import the hybrid batteries for their cars f rom the Japanese company Sanyo. Though Sanyo has not been severely affected by the chain of disasters, the companies that supply their components to Sanyo have been affected. Therefore the supply chain has been destroyed (Rall). Japan is the third largest producer of car component for the US automobile industry after Germany and the domestic car component manufacturers. Year Percentage of Parts Import Percentage of Total Parts Market Value of Automotive part imported (in million dollars) 2000 23.2 5.1 14,535 2001 23.0 5.0 13,150 2002 21.0 4.9 13,498 2003 19.7 4.5 13,745 2004 20.2 5.1 15,494 2005 19.4 5.3 16,448 2006 17.6 4.8 15,377 2007 16.1 4.8 14,757 2008 16.2 5.1 13,486 2009 - - 8,774 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 67) The United States car manufacturing companies are dependent on the Japanese car component manufacturing companies for both the original equipments and the after parts. The original equipments are the components that are required at the factories for producing the ca rs. The after parts are the components that are used to replace the old components in a used car. The table shows that Japan has a significant share in the United States car component market. However there is significant drop in the value of import of car parts from Japan to United States in the year 2009. However that drop is due to a fall in demand for new cars in the United States market as an effect of the recession that plagued the country. However, the proportion of import of car parts is consistent with the previous trend. Therefore we can conclude about the dependence of the United States automobile industry on the Japanese Original equipment and after part manufacturing industry. Any adverse effect on the latter market will lead to a supply shortage in the United States automobile industry. The trade balance of car components of United States with Japan has also negative value in the considered period with the highest being 13,017 million dollars deficit in 2007. In United States the top 3 domestic companies have been the General Motors, Ford, and the Chrysler Group. They have been named as the Big Three by the industry. However their share of the car market has decreased significantly from 73.5% in 1995 to about 57% in 2005. In July 2006 Toyota had more sales than the previous second ranking Ford. Similarly Honda had more

Building survey report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Building survey report - Essay Example This building survey and report has been prepared on behalf of the IKON Gallery paying every attention to the requirements and includes terms of engagement. It is a general report that has been done covering the external conditions of the IKON Gallery. The objective of this report is to provide a general survey of the condition of the IKON Gallery specifically on its exterior components and this will enable the client to make preparations on how they will maintain these exterior components in future. During the preparation of this report, there was no removal of structures so that there could be a detailed examination of the structure, there were no specialists that were employed but necessary recommendations were provided, and all the services that will be offered by the gallery were examined to satisfaction. Survey was based on what could be observed from ground level, ladders and from roofs where accessible. This restricted the survey to external features of the IKON Gallery. Located in the heart of Birmingham’s Brindley site development, Ikon Gallery is currently an internationally celebrated modern art venue offering a full range of services and facilities to both the nearby community and broader world. The building was constructed in 1877, and its designers were Martin and Chamberlain, who were Birmingham’s premier Victorian architects. The building was previously a school then converted into the new home for the IKON Gallery, which was put as an essential part of the Brindley Place Master plan, and was later opened to be used by the public in 1998. Through this building report, the client will be able to know the recommendations that have been made concerning the external conditions of the IKON Gallery and the cost of the repairs that will have to be expected to be used. The client will be aware of the financial condition that they will need to maintain the building. The survey

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act - Research Paper Example up to date record of factual money and other business transactions and to file these records with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (National Institute on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 2008). An issuer is a company whose securities are listed in the U.S. or a company on which it is obligatory to file periodic records regarding company assets and business transactions to the SEC according to the Securities and Exchange Act of 1974. 2. Domestic concerns: ‘Domestic concerns’ is a wider category and encircles the individuals who are citizens, nationals of the U.S. It also encompasses the individuals who are the residents of the United States. All corporations, partnerships, stock companies, and unincorporated organizations, companies listed in the United States Stock exchange which have their major businesses operating in the United States or in any common wealth country and are set up according to the laws of the U.S. are also included in the ‘Domestic Concerns’ category. Therefore, U.S. citizens, nationals or residents will be held responsible for the violation of FCPA even if the foreign officials were bribed outside the territory of United States. Violation of FCPA consists of ‘five components’. If the government succeeds in proving the existence of these five components then the suspect is considered to have violated the FCPA and is subjected to further implications. Anti bribery provisions of FCPA states that it is illegal for U.S. companies, U.S. citizens and companies listed in the U.S. stock exchange to either directly or indirectly offer money, or anything that might be valuable to a foreign officer in exchange for acquiring or retaining business in the U.S (Low et al 2009). Implementation of FCPA is not limited by U.S. territorial boundaries and in several cases FCPA violation is a direct result of corruption that takes place in company departments situated outside the U.S. Therefore, FCPA requires company owners to

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

No topic - Essay Example He based moral requirements on categorical imperative. Aristotle thought that the human life has a purpose and proper function to do, which provides happiness to the individual. This he termed as the purpose of human beings. It was achieved by using one’s reason and logic. Kant used the example of the honest shopkeeper. The honest shopkeeper was considered a moral person because he was honest out of inclination. The shopkeeper feels that being a moral and ethical person brings him better reputation more business and profits. John Stuart Mill argued that human beings are capable of experiencing ‘higher pleasures’ as well as ‘lower pleasures’. In order to differentiate he stated that the higher pleasures produce better quality and more quantity of pleasure or happiness. While on the other hand, the lower pleasures tend to be more of selfish in nature. According to Locke the life of an individual is governed by reason and ‘the reason’ happens to be the basic driving force behind the state of nature. Locke came out with the thought that reason teaches us not to harm another in his life, liberty, health or possession. He further added that an transgressions will invite punishments. Hobbes and Locke both happened to be renowned social contract theorists, but their views differ on several aspects. For example, while Locke believed that man is by nature a social animal, Hobbes thought it otherwise and suggested that ‘society could not exist except by the power of the state.’ In my opinion Kant’s Ethical Theory stands out as one of the best. While on the one hand this theory talks about the Good will on the one hand, rationality and morality are also described as integral components of the human behavior. Kant advances the argument that the outcome of our actions cannot be accurately predicted, but the intent

Diagnosis Related Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diagnosis Related Groups - Essay Example A patient is assigned this category of DRG when all the operating room procedures performed on this patient are unrelated to the major diagnostic category of the patient's principal diagnosis. DRG 468 thus pays for discharge in which the patient undergoes an operating room procedure entirely unrelated to this admission's principal diagnosis. This is against the PPS classification of discharges of clinically coherent groups. Although this is possible in some cases, DRG 468 can be an example of DRG creep. The attending physician may misspecify the principal diagnosis, secondary diagnosis, or the procedure on the attestation sheet. It can also be the result of miscoding, where the hospital assigns an incorrect numeric code to the diseases or procedures which had been correctly attested by the physician in charge. In some cases to avoid investigation, the hospital may substitute a secondary diagnosis for the correct principal diagnosis. Therefore for appropriation of facts, auditing and review is necessary that would identify discharges in which coding rules are either ignored or not applied appropriately. DRG 468 is assigned when all the operating room procedures are unrelated to the major diagnostic category for which the patient had been admitted. Most often, these patients are admitted with a principal diagnosis that does not need any surgery. ... To assess the appropriateness, the ICD-9-CM coding guidelines should be applied to do the initial coding and for auditing if such has been used. The principal diagnosis is always the reason for admission, which should be backed by records indicating circumstances at admission, diagnostic workup, and therapy provided. The scenario is not an admission of the patient to treat two conditions, it is rather two conditions present during admission. While auditing and reviewing, it is to be determined whether the principal diagnosis was the reason for admission and treatment. If at admission, there were more than one diagnoses, use of guidelines for selecting the principal diagnosis would be used with consideration of circumstances at admission, diagnosis workup, and the therapy provided. The principal procedure must be performed for definitive treatment, not for diagnostic purposes, exploratory purposes, or for a complication. If there are two procedures done, then the one most related to t he principal diagnosis would be selected as the principal procedure. The procedure must be significant as defined by the Uniform Hospital Discharge Data Set would be used, and for this to qualify, it must be surgical under anesthesia with the operator being specially trained. The audit must look at the detailed documentation in the medical record. There must be enough proof and substantiation that it was medically necessary. The coding should be done from the narrative description of the procedure, not from the written title of the procedure. The approach and closure of the procedure are integral part of one significant procedure, not two separate

Reflection on global & dversity learning project Essay

Reflection on global & dversity learning project - Essay Example Although the power plant is necessary and useful to the locals, it has a number of adverse effects that are detrimental to the population. The plant has some health effects to both humans and aquatic life around Hudson River. Power plants and other energy generation projects are often prone to numerous deadly accidents that range from the explosion of transformers to electrocution of humans and animals. IPEC is no exception since it has also had an incident of a transformer explosion. This type of accident is highly detrimental to both human and aquatic life around the source of power generation. Transformer explosion at this plant resulted in a number of environmental damages. This explosion resulted in spillage of several gallons of oil into the nearby Hudson River. Spillage of oil is dangerous to the aquatic life as it results in blockage of air spaces limiting the amount of oxygen consumed by plants and animals in the water. Consequently, most of them die or wither due to limited oxygen that is essential for life. In addition, this is also dangerous to humans that consume water from this river. Over the course of the semester, I have learnt several theories and concepts regarding diversity, sustainability, equity, and health, which have shaped my understanding of social issues in the society. For instance, I have learnt about tolerance and its applicability in interacting with people from diverse cultural and religious backgrounds. If not for tolerance, there would be no globalization where individuals from different nations and cultures interact and exchange ideologies among other things. Tolerance is also applicable online to appeal to different audiences as demonstrated by the reading How to Be Liked By Everyone. Another essential concept that I have learnt is multiculturalism, which applies in an environment of diversity. Multiculturalism provides for the development of cultural to necessitate unity in an environment of many

Project Design Plan Essay Example for Free

Project Design Plan Essay This experiment is to test the theory that the temperature of water affects the duration of time it takes to water to reach freezing? Hot water freezing faster than cold has been observed for many centuries. The earliest known reference to this effect is by Aristotle, who wrote: The fact that water has previously been warmed contributes to its freezing quickly; for so it cools sooner. Hence many people, when they want to cool hot water quickly, begin by putting it in the sun. . . (Jeng) Literature review 1. According to a study of the Mpemba effect by Monwhea Jeng Many factors impact water as it cools and eventually freezes, evaporation can contribute to a loss of mass, Hot water can hold less dissolved gas than cold water and large amounts of dissolved gas escape upon boiling, convection currents and non-uniform temperature distribution happen as water cools, the environmental of the hot sample also impacts the environment around it. Super cooling may also have an important role in the effect, super cooling occours when water freezes not at 0c but at some lower temperature. (Jeng, The Mpemba effect: When can hot water freeze faster than cold? , 2006) 2. In 1963 a student named Erasto B Mpemba noticed that placing recently a recently boiled mixture of milk and sugar into the refrigerator it froze into ice-cream faster than another students mixture that was not heated. He asked his physics instructor why this had happened and his physics instructor informed him â€Å"you are confused, that cannot happen† this response highlights the need for objectivity in scientific studies. After repeatedly asking various instructors to explain his observations Mpemba took two 50ml beakers and filled one with water from the tap and one from hot water from a boiler and put them into a freezer, after an hour he discovered that their was in fact more ice formation in the sample from the boiler. Dr Osborne visited the school where Mpemba studied and Mpemeba asked him to explain the effect, he could not but unlike previous instructors and peers Dr. Osborne conducted experiments and did infact repeat Mpemba’s discovery (Osborne) Variables The Dependent variable is the starting temperature of the water being placed into the freezer. The Independent variable time elapsed until each sample freezes The Controlled variables are temperature of the freezer, the volume of the water samples and the sample containers. Hypothesis My hypothesis is that the hot water will freeze in a shorter elapsed time than the cold water due to a combination of loss of volume during the heating/cooling process; I arrived at this hypothesis through researching the Mpemba effect and reviewing the results of other experiments. Experimental design After reading multiple possible ways to conduct experiments on the Mpemba effect I chose this design plan because the experiment could be conducted with supplies I had on hand and should be easily reproducible. I will measure the temperature with a common digital kitchen thermometer every fifteen minutes until the water sample has frozen solid enough that the thermometer cannot penetrate the ice to take measurements. The tools I will be using are 1 Plastic measuring cup,1 Thermometer, Two .30 l plastic storage containers,1 Kitchen timer, 1 Clock, 1 Range cook top, 1 Sauce pan. Threat Reduction to Internal Validity To reduce the threats to internal validity I will use the same procedure’s to objectively measure the variables of temperature and volume in my experiment. Each temperature reading will be taken using the same thermometer; each volume measurement will be taken using the same measuring cup. Identical storage containers will be used to store the water samples and they will be placed at the same time into the same freezer on the same bare shelf. Experimental procedure. Step 1 Draw two samples of tap water 250ml each and record initial temperature Step 2 pour one sample into sauce pan heat to boiling; pour other sample into .30 l plastic storage container Step 3 pour boiling  sample into measuring cup and note any loss of volume Step 4 return samples to .30l plastic storage container Step 5 measure temperatures of boiled sample and room temperature sample Step 6 place both .30l plastic storage container into freezer Step 7 measure temperature of both samples every 15 min logging results until both samples are held at or below zero degrees Celsius long enough that the thermometers temperature probe cannot pierce the surface of the sample. . Step 8 Allow both samples to thaw at room temperature and measure for any loss of volume Experiment Results In my investigation the boiled sample of water did in fact freeze faster than the colder tap water sample the greatest temperature differential during my experiment arrived in the first 15 minutes of the boiled sample being introduced to the freezer, the boiled sample entered the freezer at 99.6C and 15 minutes later the temperature was 18.1c this represents a reduction of 81.5 degrees. No notable change of temperature to the environment was recorded. The cold sample also experienced the greatest reduction in temperature in the first 15 minutes of my experiment with a starting temperature of 14.3c and 15 minutes later the temperature was 2 degrees Celsius The hot sample continued to lose heat faster than the cold sample until 120 min into my experiment where both samples reached -0.6c and were too solidly frozen to continue measurements. After both samples were too solid to continue measurements I removed both samples from the freezer and allowed them to thaw once both samples were thawed I measured the remaining water volume the hot sample lost 30% of its volume whereas the cold sample had only lost 10% Conclusion This experiment has proven my hypothesis the hot water sample did in fact freeze in a shorter elapsed time than the cold water. The hot sample also lost 30% of its volume. The experimental design was a key factor in proving my hypothesis as it controlled many of the variables that could impact the outcome of my investigation. To replicate my experiment you will need a thermometer 500ml of water, two identical storage containers and a freezer with a constant temperature of 18 degrees Celsius . I replicated my experiment using the same experimental procedure and achieved the same results with a slight variation in the loss of volume in the hot sample, in my second attempt the hot sample lost 35% of its volume. Because I achieved similar results using the same experimental design I believe my observations are valid. Works Cited Jeng, M. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/hot_water.html#History Jeng, M. (2006). The Mpemba effect: When can hot water freeze faster than cold? . American Journal of Physics, 514. Kurtus, R. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/mpemba.htm Osborne, E. M. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.rsc.org/images/Cool-Mpemba-Osborne1969_tcm18-222099.pdf

Cash Cropping in Nepal Essay Example for Free

Cash Cropping in Nepal Essay On an individual crop basis, tomatoes and potatoes were the most increasing, sensitivity analysis and scenarios suggest high variability and limited short-term impact on poverty alleviation. Profitable. On a per farm basis, 50% of the households with positive farm gross margins grew at least one vegetable crop, while only 25% of households with negative farm gross margins included vegetable crops in their rotation. Farmers have been hesitant to produce primarily for the market given the rudimentary infrastructure and high variability in prices. Farmers reported selling more crops, but when corrected for inflation, gross revenues declined over time. The costs and benefits of developing markets have been unevenly distributed with small holders unable to capitalize on market opportunities and wealthier farmers engaging in input intensive cash cropping. Farms growing vegetables had an average gross margin of US$137 per year compared to US$12 per year for farms growing only staple crops. However, the area under production is small and, while vegetable production is likely to continue Key words: Agriculture, Cash crops, Gross margin, Household economics, Market inequity, Poverty Introduction Cash cropping has been promoted by development specialists as a mechanism to alleviate rural poverty in countries such as Nepal. Programs have capitalized on existing transportation networks, the proximity to urban centers or niche markets (Panday, 1992). But there are concerns that agricultural commercialization by-passes the poor. The cash and land quality requirements of capital intensive farming may limit the capacity of poorer farmers to invest, while the risks associated with yield and price variability may limit their willingness to participate in commercial production Both the Agricultural Perspective Plan (APROSC, 1995) and the ninth National Plan (GON, 1998) of Nepal promote the intensification of agriculture and increased cash crop production. In the Mid-hills of Nepal near Kathmandu, potato and tomato production have increased dramatically in the last 10 years (Brown and Shrestha, 2000). But, vegetable production is demanding of soil, water, and human resources. A systematic assessment of cash cropping is required to determine the impact on household well-being. The aims of this paper are five-fold: 1) to determine the relative profitability of vegetable production in the Mid- hills of Nepal; 2) to assess the economic impact of incorporating vegetables into the dominant cropping patterns; 3) to analyze the variability between households; 4) to assess the impact of fluctuations in price; and 5) to evaluate temporal changes in household well-being with the incorporation of vegetable production. Methods The relative profitability of agricultural production between farms provides a mechanism to compare the economic status of farming households with diversified cropping systems. An indication of the profitability of each farm can be obtained by computing gross margins, defined as total returns less total variable costs. Total returns are equal to the value of all crops produced (including crop residues), irrespective of whether the crop is sold. Total variable costs include: the purchase of seed, fertilizer, and pesticides; hiring oxen; and all labor involved in cultivation activities. Labor includes the time spent in planting, irrigation, fertilizing, spraying, weeding, harvesting and transportation and selling and includes the opportunity cost of family labor. The gross margin can thus be viewed as the return to fixed costs (land and livestock) and management. Gross margin analysis, in this context, focuses on production or income with respect to agriculture. As it does not take into account the time value of money, gross margins are not sensitive to interest rates, and are a good first approximation of financial feasibility.

A Critical examination of leaders create organizational culture

A Critical examination of leaders create organizational culture Introduction In area of Management and leadership, one of the most crucial and effective factors that determine the performance and position of an organization in public sector is the organizational culture. Organizational culture has been studied extensively for the past 30 or more years (Schein E. H., 1985). Lots of books have been written and much research has been done about it, and also wide range of words applied to describe this notion. Although much different definitions have been presented on this keyword, most of them place their emphasis on common key aspects. Three comprehensive definitions have been gathered in table below: Definitions of organizational culture The pattern of shared beliefs and values that give members of an institution meaning and provide them with the rules for behaviour in their organizations. (Davis, 1984, p. 1). The set of important understandings (often unstated) that members of a community share in common. (Sathe, 1985, p. 6) A set of understandings or meanings shared by a group of people. The meanings are largely tacit among the members, are clearly relevant to a particular group and are distinctive to the group (Louis, 1985, p. 74) According to these definitions, two features of organizational culture seem bolder; first shared meanings and values among organization members and second introducing clear rules and behaviours in organization. Although, some argues that culture cannot be managed (Rabin, T Wachhaus. A, 2008, p. 1) , a correlation between culture and leadership has been identified (Frontiera, 2010). Schein announced this fact in his famous book-Organizational culture and leadership (2004): Culture is a dynamic phenomenon that surrounds us at all times, being constantly enacted and created by our reactions with others and shaped by leadership behaviour. So, attentions have been paid to culture aiming to manage and improve it in order to achieve defined goals. Leaders as persons who have crucial role in improving performance found it vital in organizational discourse. Schein introduced the mutual relation and effect between leadership and culture by the term intertwined (1992) .While culture can be affected by various factors, Senge pointed out that leaders have the most influence on organizational culture (2002, p. 24) : Building an organizations culture and shaping its evolution is the unique and essential function of leadership In this paper the focus is on the influence of leadership on organizational culture to examine to what extent the view that leaders create organizational culture is true. The approach that has been applied in this paper is studying the ways and channels through which leader creates and affects the culture of organization. Four major states have been studied in this area; model leader, strategist leader, ruling leader, and performance changing. Also, the other factors that create culture have been studied and the effect of culture on leadership has been analyzed. The conclusion shows the indirect role of leader in creating culture except through becoming model. In addition, other factors have decisive role in shaping culture. Before the start of this study, clearing the concept of leadership is required. What is leadership? Who is a leader? The concept of leadership has been defined in various ways. Some stated it as a process, for instance Northouse believe that it is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal (2007, p. 3). Also, Stogdill analyzed it as influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement (1974). By these two types of definitions, leader can be known as a person who makes decisions, sets directions, makes things happen and often He is recognisable at the top of organization. Leader carries out this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills. (Jago, 1982) Hence leader is placed at top of organization and clarifies strategies and directions, has most effects on the culture of organizations. In following next parts some ways by which leader affects culture have been examined. Leader; as a model In an organization the leadership and the behaviours of leader become an ideal pattern for followers, and a stream of organizational deportment would flow from top (leader) to down (followers). This case often happens in transformational type of leadership in which leader has charismatic features (Harms, p Crede, M, 2010). Bass and Avolio described transformational leader as able to motivate others to do more than they originally intended and often more than they thought possible (1993). As the organizational culture is made of behaviours and manners, charismatic leader cultivates a particular method of comportment in climate. Culture of an organization consists of different areas; competitiveness, social responsibility, innovation, stability, performance orientation, and supportiveness. So, the manner of leader affects every area of organizational culture and this top-down influence can lead to affirmative or mortal outcomes in performance (Sarros, J. Gray, J and Densten, I, 2002). By way of illustration, this can be studied in realm of Innovation and change; Fishman and Kavanaugh claimed that the culture of an organization and how people respond to change and innovation is shaped substantially by the behaviours of the leader (1989). Smith revealed that leaders behaviours can be followed by employees (2010); Leaders are the role models and when they walk the talk long enough, fairly soon these values become standard procedure. Leaders are lent very crucial and decisive position by which they influence the culture of organization through leading motivation, attendance and attitude of followers in organizational operation. This can be found in Amabile suggestion (1998): By influencing the nature of the work environment and organizational culture, leaders can affect organizational members attitude to work related change and motivation. Schein assumed culture begins from leaders who impose their own values and assumptions on a group (2004, p. 2). Leader as a ruler Leaders externalize their own assumptions and embed them into structures, mission, goals and working procedures gradually and consistently (Schein E. H., 2004, p. 406). In one hand, a leader make decisions and determine rules, and in the other hand organizational culture is described as a set of structures, routines, rules and norms that guide the constrain behaviour (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2004). So, leadership manipulates organizational culture through ruling in organization. Dull reflected this fact in the other way (2010): Public sector leaders attempt to cultivate organizational culture as a means of controlling administrative behaviour and building organizational competence, defined as the skill and capacity to accomplish necessary tasks Here the culture described as a tool for improving procedures to facilitate achieving goal. This case can be examined when leader feels sure about a needful innovation in organization. For promoting change, beside other necessities, leader has to provide a firm ground for implementing innovation; this ground is formal procedures and actions. As Armenakis et al. claimed leaders can modify formal structures, procedures, and human resource management practices (1999). So, leader initiates change and clarifies orientation of organization; he arrives to alter proceeds for reaching ends. In reality, changing procedures interpreted as changing culture. Leader as strategist Stewart declared that the strategy of an organization gives it identity based on its functions, Also it clarifies what an organization is and what it is doing (2004). Strategy forms culture of through highlighting tasks, directions, positions and behaviours . The change management strategy or approach selected by leaders will result in shifts in organizational culture. (Kavanagh, H Ashkanasy, N, 2006) By understanding the importance of strategy and its relation with culture, leader enters this relation and influence culture in two ways; first standing between strategy and culture, second use the strategy as a tool for modifying culture. Fernandez and Rainey interpreted strategy as a course of action for implementing changes (2006). Despite strategy plays a crucial role in organization, this is the role of leader to translate it into a course of actions. Goldsmith explains to CEO (chief executive officer) how leaders are needed to communicate and execute an organization s strategy. (2009) When leaders and their executive teams take an active role in implementing strategies, this is a commitment to ensure the ideas or strategies become part of the organisation. Insightful leaders realise that for strategies to be successfully integrated into their organisations, they must align, measure, market and package the strategy to their business, customers and investment community as they would with any marketing campaign. While strategy introduces direction of an organization, it is just on the paper. The best-planned strategy is no more than wishful thinking if it cannot be translated from concept to reality (Hsieh, T and Yik, S, 2005) .Here it is leader who translates it from language of paper to a course of actions. Speculand has studied the decisive role of leadership and placed his special emphasis on leaders in success and failure of implementing strategies (2009). So, leader as a median interprets strategy into organization procedure, role, and belief. This action forms the culture; in this area culture is set of behaviours and procedures that are defined by strategy. In this process leader injects strategy into the body of organization. In reality, leader makes strategy feasible, and at the same time forms culture. But it is not whole the story about relation of strategy and culture. Leader alters climate of organization by applying strategy as a tool too. In other words, leader stands at the top and place strategy between him and culture; actually, leader applies strategy as a means to influence organizational culture. This is deducted from the role of leader in designing strategies, Where Abramson and Lawrence claimed (2001): Managerial leaders must develop a course of action or strategy for implementing change. Convincing the members of an organization of the need for change is obviously not enough to bring about actual change. The new idea or vision must be transformed into a course of action or strategy with goals and a plan for achieving it Changing performance The performance of an organization is effective factor through which leader influence the culture. Wikipedia defined Performance defined as the activity of a unit (be it individual, team, department, or division) of an organization intended to accomplish some desired result (2011). This item is evaluated by measuring outputs and outcomes. There is a multilateral and at the same time mutual relation among leadership, culture and performance. In other words, they are interdependent (i.e. leadership and climate are subject to affect by the status of performance of organization). To understand this linkage a circle of relation between leader, climate and performance should be studied. It can be understood from this circle that leader can affect culture through changing performance. In this network of linkage leader affects culture and alter its elements through changing performance and informing employees about it. This influence occurs through the Feedback. Feedback typically consists of information provided to an individual for the purpose of an increase in performance (Kluger, A. N. Denisi, A., 1996). There is variety of feedback forms, which are described by different aspects. One kind of feedback is outcome feedback in which information concerning performance outcomes. (Balcazar, F., Hopkins, B. L., Suarez, Y, 1986) It seems positive and constructive, to inform employees about high performance and improvement of outcomes. Geister et al. concluded in their case study that information and feedback about the team situation is crucial to improving the motivation, satisfaction, and performance of members in virtual teams. (2006) Leader affects the culture of organization indirectly through improving performance and diffusing information about it, an action which leads to a healthy, motivate and more evolutionary climate. If decisions and policies leader applied led to quality performance, it encourages atmosphere of hardworking, competition, integration and responsibility but in fragile situation and poor performance culture would collapse. Culture creates leader, a challenge While the impact of leader on culture is a considerable fact and has been studied and proved in many cases, some opinions challenged it. In an attempt to address this theoretical disagreement, Sarros et al. surveyed over 1,900 managers in Australia and found that leadership was a far more prominent predictor of culture than culture was of leadership. (2002) As it has been mentioned there are an interdependent relations among leadership, culture and performance, so it is a noticeable reality that leader is affected by culture too. Hatch claimed that it is difficult for leaders to have any impact on culture, as culture has a larger influence on leaders. (1993) Schein asserted that while leaders create culture in the early stages of an organization, culture creates leaders as an organization matures. He claimed that culture is deep, broad, and stable. It can be an unconscious determinant of who gets hired, who gets promoted and rewarded, and indeed, how the vision, mission, and strategy are lived. (2004) Culture of organization is a very decisive factor, so leader has to apply appropriate way of leading which does work in that climate. Smith et al. have sought for a proper model of leadership in China by regarding effects of cultural backgrounds (1997), which reflect the crucial role of culture in determining leadership style. It seems imperfect and naÃÆ'Â ¯f to study the relation of leader and climate unilaterally. The relation is mutual and should be studied in this way to achieve a perfect view. Other factors as actors While leadership plays a core role in creating organizational culture, other factors affect climate and even can take it out of control of leader. Culture can be affected by different internal and external factors. As the culture has defined as meanings and behaviours of members, the organizational members are effective actors. Krizek views culture as patterns of meaning and interpretation-whether these patterns emerge among management or employees. So, before leader creates culture, it has been constituted by members beliefs and thoughts as internal actors (2005). As another internal factor, type of function and business of organization conducts the elements of culture. (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 1992) In other words the mission of organization is a set of beliefs about its core competences (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2004, p. 89). External forces may or may not influence the communicative and cultural makeup of an organization. (Cheney, 2001) Examples of external forces include, but are not limited to, economics, education, family, law, media, politics, religion, and technology. External environment and constraints have a considerable role in determining climate of organizations. As, leader has to make situation and organization ready to cope with external environment, any change in environment leads to change policies, behaviours and routines and finally innovates the culture. Schein pointed out that if the environmental context is changing such conflict can be a potential source of adaption and new learning. (2004, p. 108) Organizational culture is influenced by social and national culture of the area in which it is situated. National beliefs, stories, type of thinking and values affect the climate of organization. So, leader is situated in a set of actors that shape culture and is not exclusive actor. Conclusion In this paper the view that leaders create organizational culture has been examined critically. At the first the culture defined as a set of routines, behaviour, meanings and understandings that is shared among members of an organization. Leader defined as who make decision, determine directions and make things happen or not to happen. It has been proved that leaders have a noticeable role in creating organizational climate. The first way through which culture forms by leader is by the stream of meaning, behaviour and beliefs as an ideal method or pattern from top (leader) to down (employees). In this statement employees are assumed as followers who are affected by the nature of leader. As a short explanation, Leadership consists of attributes and skills that determine not only the nature of enterprise, in all its manifestations, but the overall nature of society and the world (Sarros, J. Gray, J. Densten, I, 2002). In this way leaders are charismatic persons by whom followers behaviours consciously or unconsciously are affected. The second conduit for influencing culture is ruling. Leader is top ruler in organization who directs routines, structures and procedures. It has been assumed that by doing these affairs, leader is manipulating culture or changing its elements. In this statement changing culture described as changing procedures and formal administrative process. In third way the focus has been put on strategy. Strategy is the manifestation of mission, directions, tasks and rules and has a strong correlation with culture. It has been expressed that leader affects culture through strategy in two ways. First way is attempt to codify and provide strategy. In this state leader as a strategist inject beliefs and preference into strategy and determine culture through it. The second channel is to standing between strategy and culture in order to interpret and implement it in preferred way. The other area which has been studied is performance. It assumed that leader plays remarkable role in changing performance and the status of outcomes of organization affect the culture directly. The impact of high performance in healthy culture and poor one in weak climate mentioned in this paper. These four ways illustrate the crucial role of leadership in creating culture. But in last two sections of paper this role has been challenged in two statements. First is that while leader creates culture, culture creates leader too. As mentioned, culture is stable and has elements that determine which style of leadership is required and who can be the organizational leader. As, Schein assumes leadership and culture as two sides of one coin, cultural norms define how a given nation or organization will define leadership. (2004) In addition, some factors like external environment, employees beliefs, business of organization, and national culture introduced as factors which affect organizational culture. In conclusion, it should be claimed that the effects of leadership in shaping culture is noticeable and can be realized by studying it through different ways. But the more crucial point is that the effect is not directly except in first way in which leader becomes a pattern for followers. In all conditions leader can apply some policies by which affects culture. Employees play decisive role in changing climate, and leaders dont change culture, they merely invite their people to change the culture (Hillis). So, leader is not the exclusive actor in influencing culture. Other factors should be studied so that an effective innovation and successful change in culture can be achieved.

Freedom of Expression in Canada :: Freedom of Speech

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The right to freedom of expression can be described as a war. It is a war that has lasted for centuries and may last for centuries more. It is a war between freedom of expression and social intolerance. In this war there are many battles. The battle on which this brief essay centers itself is the battle between freedom of speech and laws limiting that freedom; more specifically the ability to spread hate propaganda and the "hate laws". Included in the essay is a brief outline of one skirmish that has taken place (Keegstra). Those who fight on the side supporting freedom of speech do so for several reasons. Braun declares that it is a basic democratic right to voice your own opinion . Douglas Christie has gained notoriety for his vigorous representation of high- profile, controversial clients, charged under the hate laws. He advocates freedom of speech for two main reasons: a) he finds it abhorrent that the state can legislate thoughts and words, and b) he often agrees with the views held by his clients. Others such as Noam Chomsky, a brilliant intellectual, argue not for the views expressed, but the ability to express them. Lining up on the other side of the battle you have: Derek Raymaker, David Kilgour, Victor Ramraj, and Bruce Elman. They argue that there is definitely a moral place for laws regarding hate speech, whether they are criminal or not. There was recently a new development in the Canadian war for freedom of expression. Introduced in April 1982 was a new and important strategic battleground.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the Charter of Rights and Freedoms the war could be won or lost by either side. It was not long before the Charter saw battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1984, Jim Keegstra was charged with violating section 281 of the Criminal Code of Canada (now covered under section 318-320). Keegstra was a respected school teacher and mayor of the small town of Eckville, Alberta. This was no borderline fanatic; this was an elected official charged with promoting hate. However by the time Keegstra's trial rolled around he was no longer the mayor Eckville and his teaching license, revoked. The problem was, the very nature of s. 281 lent itself to legal debate under section 2 of the relatively new Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The defense counsel Doug Christie lost no time in challenging the legislation's constitutionality. In response, Crown prosecutor, Bruce Fraser, stated that Keegstra was being charged with promoting hatred; not expressing it. The Crown also stated that freedom of speech is not

Free Speech -- essays research papers

The Constitution of the United States states in its First Amendment that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances" (Funk & Wagnalls 162). This Amendment guarantees each person of free speech. Does this mean that a person can stand in the middle of the street and yell anything he wants? No, society, even though it cherishes freedom of speech, does give this freedom certain restrictions. Why does society find it necessary to restrict freedom of speech? Does this ensure a more controlled society? Let us imagine a society that has no restrictions of speech. For example, anyone can publish a false story of another person, just for revenge perhaps, and the offended person would not be able to defend himself because there is no restriction of speech. A neighbor in a residential area decides to use a loud microphone to announce his beliefs in the middle of the night, and wakes everybody up. Because that person has every right to speak, nobody can do anything. Even though this is "freedom of speech" it is not allowed in a civilized society. Free speech is a very controversial issue because who is really the one to decide what can or cannot be expressed. The freedoms stated in the First Amendment have been controlled for the prot...

Japanese tea room :: essays papers

Japanese tea room Japan is a small country, however most people know this country. One of the reason is that the manufacturing industry is world-famous. Especially, cars and appliances which are small, functional and also economical. And these products show exactly Japanese spirit which can say Japanese culture. When we discuss about Japan, we can't forget considering traditional Japanese culture. I will discus about the tea ceremony (cha-no-yu), which one of the most important Japanese culture. The tea ceremony began to reach maturity in the early Muromachi period when the shogun and select menders of his aesthetic circle met to admire choice Chinese tea wares and game at guessing the provenance of various types of tea. But its transformation into a true art form with spiritual dimensions is due to the influence of three men. The fist was Murata Juko, a student of Zen and curator of Chinese art for shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa. He and Yoshimasa would meet at the latter 's silver Pavilion and drink tea in Chinese utensils in the Dojinsai room of the Togudo. Tea, and especially the collectiing of utensils, was also popular among the wealthy merchants of Sakai City (Osaka). One of these merchants, Takeno Joo, took his interest in tea far beyond acquisition into the influence of Juko 's thought, did much to develop the wabi ideal of refined rusticity that became one of the central elements of tea taste. Wabi tea reached its mature expression under the third of these great tea masters, Sen no Rikyu. There is a story of Rikyu, which well illustrates the ideas of cleanliness entertained by the tea-masters. Rikyu was watching his son Sho-an as he swept and watered the garden path. "Not clean enough," said Rikyu, when Sho-an had finished his task, and bade him try again. After a weary hour the son turned to Rikyu: "Father, there is nothing more to be done. The steps have been washed for the third time, the stone lanterns and the trees are well sprinkled with water, moss and lichens are shining with a fresh verdure; not a twig, not a leaf have I left on the ground." "Young fool," chided the tea master, " that is not the way a garden path should be swept." Saying this, Rikyu stepped into the garden, shook a tree and scattered over the garden gold and crimson leaves, scraps of the brocade of autumn! What Rikyu demanded was not cleanliness alone, but the beautiful and the natural also.

Education important for girl Essay

Education of a child starts from the family and mother is the first teacher. But, the irony in India is that although the deity of education is a female i.e. Goddess Saraswati according to the Hinduism, innumerable number of women are illiterate. They are not remaining uneducated by their own wish but they are being forbidden from receiving education because of the patriarchal families in our society. Right from the early Vedic period people have been celebrating the birth of a son, but in those days daughters born into a family were not neglected and educated properly. However the scene was changed during the later Vedic Age and the daughters were considered as a social burden. Only the girls belonging to upper class families enjoyed the right of education and got proper nourishment. In medieval period the conditions deteriorated for the females and even in royal families, girls could not get the same status as the boys. In Muslim households they were taught at their homes while Hindu girls enjoyed the privilege of getting primary education along with the boys in schools. The prevalence of child marriage were excessively practiced. However, in the nineteenth century many social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Annie Besant, M.G. Ranade, Jyotibe Phule, Swami Dayanand Saraswati etc. came forward for the emancipation of women in India. Especially Raja Ram Mohan Roy advocated for female education. Since then there has been tremendous progress in every field but unfortunately still the girls are neglected. In most of the families the birth of a girl child is not desired and if accepted they are thought inferior to boys and their education is not considered important because it seems a wastage of money to most of the parents. they think it unreasonable because afterwards they have been compelled to bear a heavy amount towards their dowry. So the female literacy is rate is unsatisfactory and it has a direct impact upon the overall development of a nation and its population growth. If India wants to be one of the developed nations it must concentrate on female education because if we educate a man we educate an individual but if we educate a women we educate an entire family. Again the root cause of all problems facing the women is related to education. if all women are educate, then all problems like female infanticide, dowry, female suicides, domestic battering, malnutrition of women, child marriage and other related atrocities would get vanished from India. Education provides an essential  qualification to fulfill certain economic, political and cultural functions and improves women ‘s socioeconomic status. At very age and level education enhances the intellectual, social and emotional development of women and enables them to meet their basic needs to daily life. It brings reduction in inequalities in the society. Only educated women can understand the needs of the family. They will never send their children to work in any shop or factory, rather they will arrange for their education in good schools. They will take proper care of the health and diet of their children. A mother knows what is good for her kids and how they should be brought up. Thus, educated mothers would promote education for all their children without discrimination. But if a mother (girl) is not educated and gets children then she would do anything without reasoning and harm herself and her children. As she is not educated, she would tend to think that education is only for the mail and not for the female and thus, she would ingrain in her daughters the idea that they are inferior to their brothers. As girls are not educated they remain dependent on their family before marriage, on their husband after marriage and on their children after the death of their spouse. This is the main reason for the unpleasant condition of women. So if girls will be educated, they will no longer be dependent on any one and they can do a lot for their uplift. Most of the problems of society can be eradicated by educating the girl child. marriage at a very young age leads the women to conceive repeatedly, which affect their health badly. Most of the uneducated women do not know about the various contraceptive measures. Even if some know they feel hesitant in using them. It results in more growth of population and worse condition of women. Thus, the state in which female literacy rate is more like Kerala, population growth is less. The menace of child labor also has significantly been out of practice because the women became aware of their rights and privileges. Women are exploited in every sector, especially if they are uneducated, because they cannot demand their rights. Most of the women lack unity and work in unorganized sector. If they were educated they would have been knowing the rules and regulations and working in an organized sector getting the benefits of public schemes. If women are educated enough they can get training for setting of small scale industries, they can know the procedure of getting loan, get the knowledge of market availability of raw material and labor,  new policies of the government, procedure to register new product and knowledge about import and export goods. If their standard of living will be improved. it will indirectly uplift the level of society. If they can be financially strong they will take proper care of their children and provide them good education. According to Mahatma Gandhi, â€Å"Due to her nature women possesses the best ability to teach the child†. Chhatrapati Shivaji and Maharana Pratap are the best example of this saying. Thus, let us start educating the female children to change the face of society.

Crucible Analyzing John Proctor Essay

Analyzing stool admonisher as a sadalal Hero In the Crucible, a correspond by Arthur Miller, John Proctor is the tragic hero. A tragic hero is delimitate as some atomic number 53 who has great heroism that endings up dying at the end of the story. The reason John Proctor is the tragic hero of this play is because he has so much to lose.John Proctor fulfills my require custodyts of a tragic hero throughout the play. He decides to go to court and expose the girls. The girls acidify on him and he gets accused. He is unaccompanied trying to do well, moreover gets falsely accused. John Proctor is also a very intelligent earth who usher out detect others as world fraudulent, hitherto he questions his own moral. He questions himself because of his affair with Abigail which was his only flaw throughout the play. In spite of this I still accept him an honorable man.Another thing he did was save his wife from being attri moreovere to demise, and also refusing to confess pr acticing witchcraft. He proves he is a tragic hero when he explains to the judge that since he gave his soul to go away his name. With this plea, Proctor has eliminated all hopes of living and has open up himself as the tragic hero.John Proctor is a man of sufficient tallness in that he is given the option to save himself at the end of the play, entirely does not. He does keep his affair secretive, only when that is only thing that made him look like the villain. He did not be to die at the end of the play, but that is one of the requirements to make him considered a tragic hero. Proctor serves as the voice of judge in the play. He came out and told everyone intimately Abigail falsely accusing others of being witches. He also came out and ripped the warrant and told the men to leave. In the end, he comes close to confessing being a witch but realizes it disgraces his sizable name, which is all his children will know him by.The issues wind to John Proctors death are not u niversal. I turn over that he should not have been the one getting the punishment in the end, but that is why he is the tragic hero. passim the play he was a man of integrity and nobleness. He confessed to practicing witchcraft, in which he reallydidnt. This is why he died manner of speaking his wife from death.

Motivation Theory Essay

1. What be actives deportment?According to humanist psychologist Abraham Mas impression, our actions be actuate in show to give au thuslytic conveys. This hierarchy suggests that nation atomic number 18 assimilated to run basic brings before moving on to early(a), more(prenominal) than advanced bespeaks. This hierarchy is most a great deal displayed as a pyramid. The sm in tout ensemble-scaleest levels of the pyramid be made up of the most basic inevitably, speckle the more complex involve ar primed(p) at the elucidate of the pyramid. ask at the tin of the pyramid be basic physical requirements including the shell for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level emergencys bring forth been met, people discount move on to the next level of needs, which be for safety and security. As people jump on up the pyramid, needs pick out increasingly psychological and sociable. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy become importa nt. Further up the pyramid, the need for individualal esteem and flavourings of accomplishment take priority.2. Clayton P. Alderfers ERG supposition from 1969 condenses Maslows five human needs into third categories Existence, Relatedness and Growth. Existence NeedsInclude e re anyy last(predicate) material and physiological dispositions (e.g., food, water, air, clothing, safety, physical love and affection). Maslows cliqueoff two levels. Relatedness NeedsEncompass social and external esteem relationships with signifi jackpott differents like family, friends, co- practiceers and employers . This to a fault means to be recognized and feel unsex as sort of a gathering or family. Maslows third and quarter levels. Growth NeedsInternal esteem and self actualization these thrust a soul to make creative or growthive effects on himself and the environment (e.g., to progress toward peerlesss root wordl self). Maslows fourth and fifth levels. This includes swears to be cre ative and productive, and to complete shoot forful tasks. Even though the priority of these needs disaccord from person to person, Albergers ERG conjecture prioritises in damage of the categories concreteness. Existence needs argon the most concrete, and easiest to verify. Relatedness needs are less concrete than existence needs, which reckon on a relationship between two or more people. Finally, growth needs are the least concrete inthat their specific targets take care on the uniqueness of for each one person. Contrarily to the idea by Maslow that access to the naughtyer levels of his pyramid ask expiation in the lower level needs, the ERG celestial orbits of Alderfer are simultaneous needs. ERG speculation recognizes that the importance of the three categories whitethorn vary for each individual. Managers essential recognize that an employee has nonuple needs, which must(prenominal) be conform to simultaneously. According to the ERG theory, if you centre excl usively on one need at a sentence, this depart non effectually motivate.3. The foretaste theory says that individuals engender different tougheneds of name and addresss and mess be motivated if they induce certain candidates. This theory is round choice, it rationalises the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. In geological formational behavior written report, expectancy theory is a require theory first proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale domesticate of perplexity in 1964. Motivation, fit to Vroom. boils down to the termination of how more effort to apply in a specific task situation. This choice is based on a two- full point sequence of expectations (effort performance and performance prohibitedcome). First, motif is affected by an individuals expectation that a certain level of effort leave behind produce the intended performance refinement. For example, if you do not believe increasing the heart and soul of time you sink studying ordain significantly raise your bulls eye on an exam, you probably wilt not study every harder than usual. Motivation as well is influenced by the employees perceived chances of acquire various outcomes as a result of accomplishing his or her performance goal. Finally, individuals are motivated to the extent that they value the outcomes aimd. EXPECTANCY THEORY BELIEFS1. Valence. Refers to the horny orientations which people choose with respect to outcomes rewards. The depth of the want of an employee for extrinsic money, promotion, free time, benefits or intrinsic satisfaction rewards. Management must disc everyplace what employees appreciate.2. Expectancy. Employees have different expectations and levels of combine somewhat what they are capable of doing. Management must discover what resources, training, or supervision the employees need.Facts +The 2011 Nielsen survey also showed that the top five dimensions students overturned when it comes to seeking employment were l avishly degree of independence at work, salary package, acquirement on the occupancy, growth prospects and standing of the company in the market Employer brand respectively.3. Instrumentality. The perception of employees whether they willing actually suck up what they desire, flat if it has been promised by a manager. Management must ensure that promises of rewards are fulfilled and that employees are sensible of that.Vroom suggests that an employees beliefs nearly Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence interact psychologically. In this way they create a motivational force, such(prenominal) that the employee will act in a way that brings pleasure and avoids pain. This force can be calculated via a formula4. Adams right TheoryEquity theory, most popularly subsistn as equity theory of motivation, was first developed by John Stacey Adams, a body of work and behavioral psychologist, in 1963. John Stacey Adams proposed that an employees motivation is affected by whether the e mployee believes that their employment benefits/rewards are at least equal to the amount of the effort that they locate into their work.Definition of equityAn individual will consider that he is treated fairly if he perceives the symmetry of his inputs to his outcomes to be equivalent to those around him. Thus, all else creation equal, it would be acceptable for a more major(postnominal) colleague to receive higher compensation, since the value of his down (and input) is higher. The way people base their experience with satisfaction for their job is to make comparisons with themselves to people they work with. If an employee add-ins that opposite person is getting more recognition and rewards for their contri just nowions, even when some(prenominal) have gainethe same amount and quality of work, it would persuade the employee to be dissatisfied. This dissatisfaction would result in the employee feeling under-appreciated and perhaps worthless. This is in direct strain with the idea of equity theory, the idea is to have the rewards (outcomes) be today related with the quality and quantity of the employees contri moreoverions (inputs). If both employees were perhaps rewarded the same, it would serve the workforce realize that the organization is fair, observant, and appreciative.This can be illustrated by the following equalityAdams categorised employment benefits and rewards as outputs and an employees work effort as inputs. commentary ExamplesThe number of hrs worked by the employeeAn employees work responsibilitiesAn employees work dutiesThe work commitment demonstrated by the employeeAn employees loyaltyAn employees flexibility such as undertaking tasks at short notice The support that the employee has leave behindd to the organisation, colleagues and line managersOutput ExamplesSalary indemnityPrizesRecognition of the employees contributionPositive work appraisalsWork promotionsPensionEmployer flexibilityAnnual move overAdams stated that if an employee believes that their work outputs are not equal or greater than their inputs then the employee will become de-motivated. Adams theory includes the assertion that when an employee isassessing whether the outputs they receive are fair the employee will often canvas their colleagues work inputs and outputs with their own. The comparison will often be made with an employee at a similar level in the organisation to the employee. PropositionsEquity theory consists of four propositionsIndividuals seek to maximize their outcomes (where outcomes are defined as rewards minus cost). Groups can maximize collective rewards by developing accepted systems for equitably apportioning rewards and costs among members. Systems of equity will explicate within radicals, and members will attempt to induce other members to accept and adhere to these systems. The only way groups can induce members to equitably behave is by reservation it more profitable to behave equitably than inequitably. T hus, groups will primarily reward members who treat others equitably and generally punish ( affix the cost for) members who treat others inequitably. When individuals find themselves combat-ready in unfair relationships, they become distressed. The more inequitable the relationship, the more distress individuals feel. According to equity theory, both the person who gets also much and the person who gets similarly little feel distressed. The person who gets too much whitethorn feel guilt or shame. The person who gets too little may feel outraged or humiliated. Individuals who perceive that they are in an inequitable relationship attempt to eliminate their distress by restoring equity. The greater the inequity, the more distress people feel and the more they try to restore equity. (Walster, Traupmann and Walster, 1978)5. Acquired Needs Theory McClellandMcClelland proposes that those in top c one timern positions should have a high need for power and a low need for affiliation . Psychologist David McClelland created Need Theory, a motivational shape that attempts to let off how the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation affect the actions of people from a managerial context. McClellands Need Theory, created by psychologist David McClelland, is a motivational homunculus that attempts to explain how the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation affect the actions of people from a managerial context. People who are achievement-motivated typically privilege to outmatch a task or situation. This motivational need stems from apersons desire to influence, teach, or encourage others. is a motivational model that attempts to explain how the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation affect the actions of people from a managerial context. It is often taught in classes concerning management or organizational behavior (Figure 1). People who are achievement-motivated typically prefer to master a task or situation. They prefer working on tasks of mod erate roughy, in which the results are based on their effort quite than on luck, and to receive feedback on their work. Those who desire affiliation, however, prefer to spend time creating and maintaining social relationships, enjoy macrocosm a part of groups and have a desire to feel loved and accepted. People in this group may not make effective managers be energise they may worry too much about how others will feel about them. In his theory, people are not placed into categories but rather have degrees of these needs No one is only in one group of these needs.The balance of needs brings out a profile.Needs do not explain competencies in any sector. One can have high needs in one area and still be effective in an area where these needs are not necessarily fulfilled. This motivational need stems from a persons desire to influence, teach, or encourage others. People in this phratry enjoy work and place a high value on discipline. The downside to this motivational emblem is tha t group goals can become zero-sum in spirit. For one person to win, another must lose. However, this can be positively applied to help accomplish group goals and to help others in the group feel competent about their work. McClelland proposes that those in top management positions should have a high need for power and a low need for affiliation. He also believes that although individuals with a need for achievement can make good managers, they are not suited to being in top management positions.6. Herzbergs two-factor theory states that certain factors mystify job satisfaction, and a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. According to Herzberg, understanding what causes employee satisfaction and dissatisfaction is important for management. The factors that motivate people can change over their lifetime, but respect for me as a person is one of the top motivating factors at any stage of life. Satisfaction anddissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. To ensure a satisfied and productive workforce, managers must give concern to both sets of job factors.Frederick Herzbergs two-factor theory, also known as the motivation-hygienics theory or intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, concludes that piece of music there are certain factors in the oeuvre that cause job satisfaction, a separate set of factors can cause dissatisfaction. The factors that motivate people can change over their lifetime, but respect for me as a person is one of the top motivating factors at any stage of life. Figure 1 According to Herzberg, intrinsic motivators such as challenge work, recognition, and responsibility produce employee satisfaction, while extrinsic hygiene factors, including status, job security, salary, and fringe benefits if absent produce dissatisfaction. Herzbergs theory appears to parallel Maslows needs hierarchy. Individuals depend for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs havi ng to do with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself. However, Herzberg added a wise dimension to this theory, including factors that cause dissatisfaction as well, such as company policies, supervision, technical foul problems, salary, interpersonal relations on the job, and working conditions. This two-factor model of motivation is based on the notion that the posture of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to proletarian satisfaction, while another and separate set of job characteristics lead to dissatisfaction. Thus, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. If management wishes to increase satisfaction on the job, it should be concerned with the nature of the work itself the opportunities it presents employees for gaining status, assuming responsibility, and achieving self-realization. If, on the other hand, management wi shes to reduce dissatisfaction, then it must focus on the job environment policies, procedures, supervision, and working conditions. To ensure a satisfied and productive workforce, managers must give attention to both sets of job factors.Examples of railway line Goal- riding horse TheoryBusiness owners will often set individual goals to motivate employees and legislate company objectives. Goals that are hard to compass are often more intriguing, as more work is required to fulfill them. Edwin A. Locke introduced the theoretical move up to setting goals and building motivation, which can be directly applied to a professional setting. In fact, this type of goal-setting theory is one of the more useful motivational theories used in industrial and organizational psychology and management. pellucidness and FocusOne part of trading goal-setting theory is creating clear and pore goals that are obtainable. Having a goal of pulling in $100,000 in bloodline profits within a single g rade may not be obtainable for a small business owner. A clear and focused goal may be to get $50,000 in profits based on $20,000 in product sales, $10,000 from investments and $20,000 from serve well sales. A single goal must have a plan to reach the goal, whether it is a calendar monthly plan with mini-goals or a each week plan for short-term goals. Commitment and TeamworkEmployees of a given over business may be more affiliated to a goal if they are a part of setting the goals and deadlines. In addition, a team may also work closer unitedly if they have a mutual goal. Commitment and responsibility to a goal may also increase the motivational level within the business. In addition, each employee may have his own goal, but keep all workers informed of larger goals to ensure continuous commitment and teamwork in a business. Feedback and ProgressionAnother theoretical perspective on setting successful goals in a business environment involves getting feedback from managers and ot her employees as the work towards the goal progresses. Part of the feedback includes getting clarity on tasks, adjusting the goals or methods, making budgetary changes and getting additional help from managers. This feedback may change the progression of the goal, so the employee working to reach the goal must be informed of the changes. Complexity and achieverA single goal may become overwhelming, especially if the goal is long-term or very complex. Fulfilling these types of goals requires a average time period, including time to develop and practice skills to meet expectations. Meeting a tax revenue goal may not be reasonable within a single month or quarter, so extending the goal deadline for a reasonable time period may lead to more success. Having a short period of time to fulfill goals may inhibit employees from reaching expectations and may end up failing.Dr. Edwin Locke formulated and clarified what has come to be called goal-setting theory in the 1960s. Since then, busi nesses have found that employees are more likely to do their best work once they have set clear, attainable goals. Goal-setting theory affects many an(prenominal) aspects of your business and once you understand specific applications in each area, you can improve your company in concrete ways. Sponsored LinkSmall Business Loanswww.captap.com gunstock your business today $5k to $15k. Apply nowClarityTo be effective, goals must be clear according to goal-setting theory. Employees must know exactly what theyre supposed to achieve and when. Merely telling an employee to do break down does not offer a clear family of action and doesnt indicate how the employee will know when he has achieved the goal. An example of a clear goal is telling an employee you expect a 10 part increase in sales in three months. Another example qualification be communicate an employee to produce 15 more units per day over a period of six weeks. Such goals make it clear what the employee is supposed to do and what the deadline is. They allow for objective measurement. ChallengeA goal is most effective when it presents a challenge to the employee. According to the article, Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation written by Dr. Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, if a task is too easy or too hard employees will not put in their best efforts. However, a goal that is just difficult enough to be challenging inspires maximum performance. For example, postulation a production manager to cut costsby 90 part might be overwhelming. Cutting costs by 20 portion might make a reasonable challenge. Similarly, requiring order takers to double the amount of orders they take in an hour could discourage them. A goal of 15 percent more orders per hour might be more reasonable and challenging. CommitmentGetting employees to buy in to the goals you set makes it more likely they will reach those goals. You can do this by asking employees to enter in setting goals. Their commit ment will provide the energy and perseverance that will help them achieve those goals. For example, getting your accounting department to agree to having all of your assets labeled and tracked by the end of the twelvemonth can give them a sense of purpose and direction that will help them work together and improve their ability to value assets for tax purposes. FeedbackYou dont just add goals and then clink on their completion at deadline time. If you provide benchmarks along the way, this lets your employees know how they are doing. You can also hold periodic meetings so they can give you feedback about any issues that have arisen and adjustments that have to be made. This two-party feedback approach helps measure progress towards achieving goals and provides encouragement in the face of difficulties. For example, if you want the production department to have 20 percent fewer rejections from the quality-control department in six months, you can meet with them each month to give t hem their current figure and identify any areas where the problems seem to be occurring. In addition, if you would like a 30 percent improvement in guest service ratings, you can give your customer service department feedback on a weekly or monthly basis to let them know how theyre doing. Task ComplexityComplex tasks can be overwhelming. Help your employees break such tasks into small separate so that they can achieve smaller goals on their way to the big one. For example, if you want to migrate all the data from one database to another, you can set smaller goals of moving a set number of accounts each week or month. Another example might be that if you want expansion plans for a new facility done in six months, you could set smaller goals of completingan analysis for the financing needed, formulation costs and the new personnel that will be required as separate goals to achieve.